This paper proposes a multi-supplier multi-product inventory model in which the suppliers have unlimited production capacity, allow delayed payment, and offer either an all-unit or incremental discount. The retailer can delay payment until after they have sold all the units of the purchased product. The retailers warehouse is limited, but the surplus can be stored in a rented warehouse at a higher holding cost. The demand over a finite planning horizon is known. This model aims to choose the best set of suppliers and also seeks to determine the economic order quantity allocated to each supplier. The model will be formulated as a mixed integer and nonlinear programming model which is NP-hard and will be solved by using genetic algorithm (GA), simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, and vibration damping optimization (VDO) algorithm. Finally, the performance of the algorithms will be compared.

One of the essential requirements for the banking system is receiving timely payments from applicants because the banks to create their own commitment based on the amount and maturity of their claims. Certainly any disruption repayment facility cause an inability to return depositors, discredit and bankruptcy of banks and institutions, increasing prudential reserves, reducing the facility's capacity to grant loans and ultimately reduce banks and institutions efficiency.Banking system use different ways to ensure timely receipt of claims. One important aspect of this method of obtaining commitment is based on the stipulation. Offering the replacement for delay penalty payment in Iranian banking are necessary because of amount of nonpayment Loan and existing deficiencies in this alternative.The article is going ahead with the use of analytical and descriptive with the experiences of other countries and the questions from Figh Scholars to investigate this hypothesis that the strategy aims to increase the interest rate deals in the beginning of the contract and pay the discount while repayment is timely on contract funds is a good alternative for late penalties on late payments as a stipulation.

In today’s business transactions, it is frequently observed that a customer is allowed some grace period (permissible delay in payment) before settling the account with the supplier or producer.This policy is advantageous both for the supplier and customer since supplier attracts more customers and customer does not have to pay any interest during this fixed period either. In this paper, the researchers generalize Goyal’s model (1985) with permissible delays in payment depending on the ordered quantity and shortage is the combination of backlogged and lost sales. The researchers then establish a proper mathematical model, and propose an algorithm to solve model easily. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the algorithm and the theoretical results.

Analyses on the Judicial Precedent regarding the Claims for delay Damages of Currency payment AbstractFollowing the currency crises of 1993, 2002, 2012 and the recent foreign exchange crisis and the non-fulfillment of currency obligations in due time is the claim for a delay in payment of foreign currency which is one of the most complex and prevalent claims today. The judicial precedent in this regard is not established and is open to contrasting views. The origin of the dispute results from the nature of the currency obligations and its non-prevalence. One stated comment (as the dominant view) suggests that the common currency mentioned in Article 522 of the Civil Procedure Code for Public and Civil Revolutionary Courts has been dedicated to the domestic currency money and does not include any foreign exchanges and the other opinion would suggest that this lawsuit is actionable. The same dispute exists in respect with the private agreement on determining the delay damage of payment obligations (including currency and Rial). In view of the undeniable exchange role and value of the currency in economic activities and the need to support foreign investment, It is essential to legally examine and review this claim and its reasons and justifications. It seems that the Article 522 of the mentioned law, which is cited by the courts, seeks to govern the purchasing power of the money and does not include the determination of the contractual monetary obligation and the delay damage in payment in its strict sense, and in light of the legal citations and documents which approve of the claim in delay damages of payment and its basic philosophy, it is possible to hear the claim and decide upon it in favor of the on the payment in foreign currency for the delay damages in payment.

With respect to delay in money payment, this question poses itself how much the man-in-debt due to inflation or due to money-worth reduction should Pay to fulfill his promise and liabilities.This paper is an attempt to examine these two cases according to the Article and to the concensus of the religious authorities. The Article Note of No.1082 asserts that besides the dower in other money debts the man –in-debt must pay the money according to the par value of the paid time. No agreement is found among the early and later jurists, but the present religious authorities argue on this quest. Most of them observe that, in case of inflation or delay in payment, the money value must be paid at the payment time.Under law in case of money debts under any conditions, the debt must be paid according to the paid time.

Given Iran’s today economic conditions and change in the prices and devaluation of national currency, it is difficult to have transaction without taking into consideration a penalty for delay in payment of time-bound deals. At the same time, ambiguity about contradiction of this rule with the Sharia has led to suggestion of various stances by legal authorities to the extent that some maintain that penalty for late payment of cash is against the Sharia. Hence, the significance of this issue becomes more important from different perspectives. The present article is an attempt to find out whether the nature of penalty for late payment of cash is different from payment based on the current value of currency and calculation of the inflation rate, or, it is the same. Or, whether the collateral or guarantee fund is a kind of civil penalty for violation of the commitment? Or, whether this collateral or guarantee fund is a kind of penalty compensation for the damage inflicted by the committed person because of violation of his/her commitment?

One of today's important needs that jurisprudence and legal rules must respond to is the demand for damages that, due to the delay or non-fulfillment of the obligation by the oblige, lead to the loss of the opportunity to gain benefits or the occurrence of possible future losses for the obligee. Undertakes In the past, many jurists were of the opinion that only certain losses can be claimed, and because the opportunity to gain benefits or avoid future losses has not reached the certainty stage, the losses resulting from such cases cannot be claimed. does not have However, the investigations carried out in the works of jurists show that nowadays there is a consensus on the ability to claim and compensate for the loss of opportunity. Based on this, this article has tried to prove with a descriptive and analytical method that not only due to several jurisprudential rules such as "harmless" and "waste", the loss caused by the loss of the opportunity to delay the payment of monetary obligations can be claimed, but the approach of the year The recent decisions of the Supreme Court of the country and the generality and legal principles governing civil liability, including the principle of full compensation for damages, also indicate this.t can also be concluded from the legal principles and provisions of the mentioned unanimity votes that, contrary to the current opinion, the damages for the delay in payment of cash are allocated to the same item specified in Article 522 of the Civil Procedure Law and it does not have a determining index and it seems that the legislator in the said article merely The minimum damages are predicted and the oblige has the possibility to demand all customary damages. The doubt that may be raised regarding the possibility of claiming damages for the delay in payment due to the loss of opportunity and the ability to collect it with the damage caused by inflation is that by accepting this point of view, the situation of the injured party will be better than before the loss, which should be said to dispel this doubt. According to the accepted way of compensation, usually the amount of compensation is not equivalent to the amount of actual damages caused to the victim and depends on the amount of lost luck and opportunity, although in the evaluation of the amount of damage, the future benefit and the degree of its probability are taken into consideration.  

This study contributes to the literature on supply chain coordination by coordinating the research and development (R&D) effort, retail price, and inventory decisions. It investigates a real case in the home appliance industry. The main purpose of this study is to examine the optimal values of R&D effort, pricing, and inventory decisions under decentralized and centralized structures. Then, a delay in payment contract is proposed under coordinated structure to simultaneously coordinate all decisions. Moreover, to share the extra profit obtained from the coordinated model between both parties, a profit allocation strategy is proposed. The findings reveal that the coordinated model not only enhances the green supply chain (GSC) profitability in comparison with the decentralized structure but also enhances the profits of all members. Further, the proposed contract improves the GSC performance from both environmental and economic viewpoints.